Endnotes

Published in Monograph No 104, October 2004

Gender and Small Arms
Moving into the Mainstream

Emily Schroeder and Lauren Newhouse

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Agreed conclusions, United Nations, July 1997, p 28.
UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, Conventional arms: small arms and light weapons, 2002, http://disarmament.un.org:8080/cab/salw.html.
W Cukier. Gender and Small Arms Presented to Gender Perspectives on Disarmament,” United Nations, New York, March 14, 2001, Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Canada, http://www.research.ryerson.ca/SAFER-Net, p.2.
Small Arms Working Group, Small arms and light weapons: general facts, Washington, DC, http://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/sawg/facts.htm, accessed 18 May 2004. The Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on small arms in pursuance of GA resolution 50/70 B, A/52/298, United Nations, 27 August 1997, defines small arms as: revolvers, self-loading pistols, rifles, assault rifles, sub-machine guns, light machine-guns. Light weapons include heavy machine-guns, grenade launchers, small mortars, mobile anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns, mobile rocket launchers and shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missile launchers.
E Laurance and R Stohl, Making global public policy: the case of small arms and light weapons, Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper No. 7, Geneva, December 2002, p 15.
Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on small arms in pursuance of GA resolution 50/70 B, A/52/298, United Nations, 27 August 1997.
E Hafner Burton and M Pollack, Mainstreaming gender in global governance, European Journal of International Relations, 8 (3), 2002, pp 339–373.
Preamble, Windhoek Declaration on the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG). “The Namibia plan of action on mainstreaming a gender perspective in multidimensional peace support operations”, Windhoek, Namibia, 31 May 2000.
Hafner-Burton and Pollack, op cit.
Ibid.
A Cornwall, Missing men? Reflections on men, masculinities and gender in GAD, IDS Bulletin, 3 (2), April 2000. http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/dppc/gender/mandmweb/acornwalltext.html, accessed 7 June 2004.
V A Farr, A gendered analysis of international agreements on small arms and light weapons,” in Gender perspectives on small arms and light weapons: regional and international concerns, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Brief 24, July 2002, p 17.
UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, Gender perspective on disarmament: briefing notes, United Nations, 2001.
Ibid.
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, Gender mainstreaming action plan, United Nations, 2002.
A Marcaillou, The gender action plan of the UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, Disarmament Forum 4, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Geneva, 2003, p 48.
Other bodies or meetings whose publications would also be worth assessing could include the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) meetings, the relevant Department for Peacekeeping Operations Reports, Security Council debates on Civilians and Armed Conflict, the meetings of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and those of the Third Committee of the General Assembly on Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs.
For a full list of UN documents analyzed, see Appendix 1.
For a complete list of indicators, see Appendix I.
The charts of meetings and the percentages of occurrence of gender language references can be found in Appendix II.
The UN Inter-Agency Committee on Women and Gender Equality (IACWGE) asserts that good practice in gender mainstreaming requires that policy-making result in measurable improvements in gender equality and gender relations; the empowerment of women in the policy-making environment; and the introduction of replicable, sustainable approaches towards gender equality. See the UN Inter-Agency on Women and Gender Equality (IACWGE), UN resources on gender: guidelines and criteria for good practices, February 1999, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/resources/goodpractices/guideline.html.
United Nations Charter, (San Francisco, United Nations) entered into force 24 October 1945, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/.
United Nations Charter, United nations, San Francisco, entered into force on 24 October 1945, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/.
United Nations, UN Security Council: Members, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_members.html, accessed 18 May 2004.
Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms in pursuance of GA resolution 50/70B, A/52/298, United Nations, 27 August 1997, p 2.
International Committee of the Red Cross, Arms availability and the situation of civilians in armed conflict, ICRC, Geneva, June 1999, p 14.
Jordan, Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 53/77 E entitled “Small arms”, A/54/260, United Nations, 20 August 1999, p 15.
Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 53/77 T entitled “Illicit traffic in small arms ”, A/54/404, United Nations, 24 September 1999, pp 8 and 11.
South Africa, Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 53/77 T entitled “Illicit traffic in small arms”, A/54/404, United Nations, 24 September 1999, p 30.
The nine General Assembly resolutions adopted on the subject of small arms between 1995–2000 were A/Res/50/70B, A/RES/54/54H, A/RES/54/54J, A/RES/54/54R, A/RES/54/54V, A/RES/55/33F, A/RES/55/33G, A/RES/55/33Q, and A/DEC/55/412.
See definition of gender mainstreaming in the ECOSOC resolution on page 3 of this paper.
Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 54/54R entitled “Illicit traffic in small arms”, A/55/323, United Nations, 25 August 2000.
General Assembly 23rd Special Session entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for 21st century”, A/S-23/10.Rev1, United Nations, 2000.
Ibid, pp 51–52.
For tables on the frequency of gender-language in the GA General Debate see Appendix II.
Ghana, GA General Debate, 56th Session, United Nations, 11 November 2001.
Netherlands, GA General Debate, 56th Session, United Nations, 13 November 2001.
Report of the Secretary-General on “Illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons”, A/57/160, United Nations, 2002, p 7.
Netherlands, GA General Debate, 56th Session, United Nations, 28 September 2003.
The First Committee has focused discussions on disarmament, including on small arms, as opposed to the General Debate, which covers a wider range of relevant issues at the UN. For all First Committee documents, statements and NGO analysis, see http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org.
Farr, op cit, p 17.
The same gender language indicators used to analyze the GA debate were also used for this debate (see Appendix I).
F Hill, Women’s contribution to conflict prevention, early warning and disarmament, Disarmament Forum 4, UNIDIR, Geneva:, 2003, pp 17–24.
Security Council Presidential Statement on Small Arms (S/PRST/2001/21), 31 August 2001.
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Review and appraisal of the system-wide implementation of the Economic and Social Council’s agreed conclusions 1997/2 on mainstreaming the gender perspective into all policies and programmes in the United Nations System: Report of the Secretary-General, E/2004/59, 4 May 2004: 11.
Germany, Debate on Small arms and light weapons in West Africa (S/PV.4720), 18 March 2003.
Security Council Resolution on the Situation in Liberia, S/RES/1509, 19 September 2003.
UN Mission in Liberia, Liberia: gender unit holds open forum with women’s organizations, UNMIL/PIO/PR/47, 18 Mar 2004. http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/96afa1dd19f5861785256e5c0060ec02?OpenDocument, accessed 7 June 2004.
Colombia, Security Council Debate on Women, Peace and Security, United Nations, July 2002.
Mexico, Security Council Debate on Women, Peace and Security, July 2002.
Mexico, Security Council debate on Women, Peace and Security, 31 October 2003.
Philippines, Security Council debate on Women, Peace and Security, 31 October 2002.
The mandate for the 2001 conference was as follows, “The primary focus of attention should be on small arms and light weapons that are manufactured to military specifications. Other types of firearms used in conflicts may, however, also have to be considered in dealing with the problems in the most affected regions of the world. In this overall context, ammunition should also be considered”. UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, About the conference, http://disarmament.un.org:8080/cab/smallarms/about.htm.
The PrepCom’s objectives for the conference were:

• to strengthen and develop international, regional and national norms in order to enhance efforts to prevent and combat the illicit trade in SALW;

• to agree upon international measures to curb illicit arms trafficking and reduce unnecessary arms stockpiling, which often contributes to societal destabilization; and

• to mobilize international, regional and national political will in the fight against the illicit trade of SALW, and to promote state accountability regarding export and import controls of SALW.

UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, About the conference.
See Appendix I for a description of these gender reference indicators.
Leitana Nehan Women’s Development Agency, NGO statement, 2001 SALW Conference, 16 July 2001.
IANSA Women’s Network planning meeting, Author’s notes, UN Headquarters, New York, July 8, 2003.
UN General Assembly, Report of the UN First Biennial Meeting of States to consider the implementation of the programme of action to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/1, 18 July 2003.
Verbatim thematic debates, Group VI, “Sustainable Development / Human Rights”, 11 July 2003.
Nepal National Statement at the 2003 BMS, 8 July 2003.
Canada National Report for the 2003 BMS, 12 June 2003.
See Appendix II Table 7 for an illustration of the frequency with which and contexts within which statements referred to gender components.
Albania, Barbados, Cameroon, Chad, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iran, Ireland, Latvia, Lebanon, Monaco, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Moldova, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, the Solomon Islands, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Tajikistan submitted reports, but did not present national statements for the 2003 BMS.
Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Egypt, Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Holy See, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nigeria, Palau, Sierra Leone, Togo, Tanzania, Uruguay and Venezuela delivered national statements, but submitted no national reports at for the 2003 BMS.
Although 100 national reports were submitted, the researchers omitted nine statements (in either Arabic or Russian) owing to language constraints.
IANSA Statement, Community impacts, community action, United Nations, 9 July 2003, p 7.
Ibid.
UNICEF collaborated with the OSRSG for Children in Armed Conflict, UNHCR, UNIFEM, UNOCHA, and WHO to make a panel presentation on behalf of the Co-ordinated Action on Small Arms (CASA), 10 July, 2003.
UNICEF, Statement by Edwin J. Judd, Director, Programme Division, UNICEF, on the human impact of SALW for the panel presentation by the Co-ordinated Action on Small Arms, UN Headquarters, New York, 10 July 2003.
Within IANSA, the umbrella organization co-ordinating civil society in the effort to combat SALW, a Women’s Network has been designed to link women’s organizations from around the world into a common SALW information-sharing portal. Naturally, the presence of this network has encouraged increased mainstreaming of gender perspectives within civil society advocacy. Incidentally, four civil society meetings on gender (twice as many as in 2001) were scheduled for the 2003 meeting, three of which occurred on the first two days of the conference.
UN General Assembly. Report of the UN First Biennial Meeting of States to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/1, 18 July 2003, p 6.
United Kingdom, Security Council debate on Women, Peace and Security, October 2003.
Operative Paragraph 12, UN Security Council Resolution 1445 SC/2002/1445, 4 December 2002.
United Nations Fund for Women, Gender-aware disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR): a checklist, UNIFEM, New York, 2003.
International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) Women’s Network, Fact sheets include: “Women, guns and the home”, “Women and armed conflict” and “Women’s campaigns against armed violence”, available online at http://www.iansa.org/women/index.htm.
Department for Disarmament Affairs, Gender mainstreaming action plan, United Nations, New York, April 2003.
A forthcoming book, Gender perspectives on small arms and light weapons, a collaborative project of United Nations University (Tokyo, Japan), Swisspeace (Bern, Switzerland), and Small Arms Survey (Geneva, Switzerland), will be the first of its kind to fill this gap.
Anonymous interview conducted by author at the 2003 BMS, UN Headquarters, New York, 10 July, 2003.

ENDNOTES

Published in Monograph No 104, October 2004

Gender and Small Arms Moving into the Mainstream

Emily Schroeder and Lauren Newhouse

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Agreed conclusions, United Nations, July 1997, p 28.

UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, Conventional arms: small arms and light weapons, 2002, http://disarmament.un.org:8080/cab/salw.html.

W Cukier. Gender and Small Arms Presented to Gender Perspectives on Disarmament,” United Nations, New York, March 14, 2001, Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Canada, http://www.research.ryerson.ca/SAFER-Net, p.2.

E Laurance and R Stohl, Making global public policy: the case of small arms and light weapons, Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper No. 7, Geneva, December 2002, p 15.

Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on small arms in pursuance of GA resolution 50/70 B, A/52/298, United Nations, 27 August 1997.

E Hafner Burton and M Pollack, Mainstreaming gender in global governance, European Journal of International Relations, 8 (3), 2002, pp 339–373.

Preamble, Windhoek Declaration on the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG). “The Namibia plan of action on mainstreaming a gender perspective in multidimensional peace support operations”, Windhoek, Namibia, 31 May 2000.

Hafner-Burton and Pollack, op cit.

Ibid.

A Cornwall, Missing men? Reflections on men, masculinities and gender in GAD, IDS Bulletin, 3 (2), April 2000. http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/dppc/gender/mandmweb/acornwalltext.html, accessed 7 June 2004.

V A Farr, A gendered analysis of international agreements on small arms and light weapons,” in Gender perspectives on small arms and light weapons: regional and international concerns, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Brief 24, July 2002, p 17.

UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, Gender perspective on disarmament: briefing notes, United Nations, 2001.

Ibid.

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, Gender mainstreaming action plan, United Nations, 2002.

A Marcaillou, The gender action plan of the UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, Disarmament Forum 4, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Geneva, 2003, p 48.

For a full list of UN documents analyzed, see Appendix 1.

For a complete list of indicators, see Appendix I.

The charts of meetings and the percentages of occurrence of gender language references can be found in Appendix II.

United Nations Charter, (San Francisco, United Nations) entered into force 24 October 1945, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/.

United Nations Charter, United nations, San Francisco, entered into force on 24 October 1945, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/.

United Nations, UN Security Council: Members, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_members.html, accessed 18 May 2004.

Report of the UN Panel of Governmental Experts on Small Arms in pursuance of GA resolution 50/70B, A/52/298, United Nations, 27 August 1997, p 2.

International Committee of the Red Cross, Arms availability and the situation of civilians in armed conflict, ICRC, Geneva, June 1999, p 14.

Jordan, Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 53/77 E entitled “Small arms”, A/54/260, United Nations, 20 August 1999, p 15.

Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 53/77 T entitled “Illicit traffic in small arms ”, A/54/404, United Nations, 24 September 1999, pp 8 and 11.

South Africa, Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 53/77 T entitled “Illicit traffic in small arms”, A/54/404, United Nations, 24 September 1999, p 30.

The nine General Assembly resolutions adopted on the subject of small arms between 1995–2000 were A/Res/50/70B, A/RES/54/54H, A/RES/54/54J, A/RES/54/54R, A/RES/54/54V, A/RES/55/33F, A/RES/55/33G, A/RES/55/33Q, and A/DEC/55/412.

See definition of gender mainstreaming in the ECOSOC resolution on page 3 of this paper.

Report of the Secretary-General in pursuance of GA resolution 54/54R entitled “Illicit traffic in small arms”, A/55/323, United Nations, 25 August 2000.

General Assembly 23rd Special Session entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for 21st century”, A/S-23/10.Rev1, United Nations, 2000.

Ibid, pp 51–52.

For tables on the frequency of gender-language in the GA General Debate see Appendix II.

Ghana, GA General Debate, 56th Session, United Nations, 11 November 2001.

Netherlands, GA General Debate, 56th Session, United Nations, 13 November 2001.

Report of the Secretary-General on “Illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons”, A/57/160, United Nations, 2002, p 7.

Netherlands, GA General Debate, 56th Session, United Nations, 28 September 2003.

The First Committee has focused discussions on disarmament, including on small arms, as opposed to the General Debate, which covers a wider range of relevant issues at the UN. For all First Committee documents, statements and NGO analysis, see http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org.

Farr, op cit, p 17.

The same gender language indicators used to analyze the GA debate were also used for this debate (see Appendix I).

F Hill, Women’s contribution to conflict prevention, early warning and disarmament, Disarmament Forum 4, UNIDIR, Geneva:, 2003, pp 17–24.

Security Council Presidential Statement on Small Arms (S/PRST/2001/21), 31 August 2001.

Germany, Debate on Small arms and light weapons in West Africa (S/PV.4720), 18 March 2003.

Security Council Resolution on the Situation in Liberia, S/RES/1509, 19 September 2003.

UN Mission in Liberia, Liberia: gender unit holds open forum with women’s organizations, UNMIL/PIO/PR/47, 18 Mar 2004. http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/96afa1dd19f5861785256e5c0060ec02?OpenDocument, accessed 7 June 2004.

Colombia, Security Council Debate on Women, Peace and Security, United Nations, July 2002.

Mexico, Security Council Debate on Women, Peace and Security, July 2002.

Mexico, Security Council debate on Women, Peace and Security, 31 October 2003.

Philippines, Security Council debate on Women, Peace and Security, 31 October 2002.

See Appendix I for a description of these gender reference indicators.

Leitana Nehan Women’s Development Agency, NGO statement, 2001 SALW Conference, 16 July 2001.

IANSA Women’s Network planning meeting, Author’s notes, UN Headquarters, New York, July 8, 2003.

UN General Assembly, Report of the UN First Biennial Meeting of States to consider the implementation of the programme of action to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/1, 18 July 2003.

Verbatim thematic debates, Group VI, “Sustainable Development / Human Rights”, 11 July 2003.

Nepal National Statement at the 2003 BMS, 8 July 2003.

Canada National Report for the 2003 BMS, 12 June 2003.

See Appendix II Table 7 for an illustration of the frequency with which and contexts within which statements referred to gender components.

Although 100 national reports were submitted, the researchers omitted nine statements (in either Arabic or Russian) owing to language constraints.

IANSA Statement, Community impacts, community action, United Nations, 9 July 2003, p 7.

Ibid.

UNICEF collaborated with the OSRSG for Children in Armed Conflict, UNHCR, UNIFEM, UNOCHA, and WHO to make a panel presentation on behalf of the Co-ordinated Action on Small Arms (CASA), 10 July, 2003.

UNICEF, Statement by Edwin J. Judd, Director, Programme Division, UNICEF, on the human impact of SALW for the panel presentation by the Co-ordinated Action on Small Arms, UN Headquarters, New York, 10 July 2003.

UN General Assembly. Report of the UN First Biennial Meeting of States to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, A/CONF.192/BMS/2003/1, 18 July 2003, p 6.

United Kingdom, Security Council debate on Women, Peace and Security, October 2003.

Operative Paragraph 12, UN Security Council Resolution 1445 SC/2002/1445, 4 December 2002.

United Nations Fund for Women, Gender-aware disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR): a checklist, UNIFEM, New York, 2003.

International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) Women’s Network, Fact sheets include: “Women, guns and the home”, “Women and armed conflict” and “Women’s campaigns against armed violence”, available online at http://www.iansa.org/women/index.htm.

Department for Disarmament Affairs, Gender mainstreaming action plan, United Nations, New York, April 2003.

A forthcoming book, Gender perspectives on small arms and light weapons, a collaborative project of United Nations University (Tokyo, Japan), Swisspeace (Bern, Switzerland), and Small Arms Survey (Geneva, Switzerland), will be the first of its kind to fill this gap.

Anonymous interview conducted by author at the 2003 BMS, UN Headquarters, New York, 10 July, 2003.

Gender and Small Arms
Moving into the Mainstream