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From urban street gangs to criminal empires:
The changing face of gangs in the Western Cape, June 2000
Irvin Kinnes
Monograph No 48
June 2000
Irvin Kinnes worked for the National Institute for Crime Prevention and Reintegration of Offenders (Nicro) where he was responsible for mediating with gangs involved in violent conflict. He has a Higher Diploma in Education from the University of the Western Cape and a Masters degree in Criminology from the London School of Economics. He grew up and has lived in Manenberg and has been extensively involved with the Western Cape Anti-Crime Forum where he served as secretary. He is currently an independent researcher specialising in gangs, youth crime and policing.
This monograph was sponsored by the European Union
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